Many students assume that mathematical ability is inherited — that people either possess a natural talent for math or they do not. (36) _______. Over time, students who achieve the most success tend to be those who consistently put in effort, rather than those with the highest intelligence. For these learners, perseverance, rather than innate talent, (37) ______.

In her book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, (38) ______. Building on this idea, she argues that a student’s mindset strongly influences how they respond to challenges. Those with a “fixed mindset” tend to believe their abilities are limited, so they often give up when faced with difficulty. In contrast, students with a “growth mindset” view challenges as opportunities to develop their skills. They understand that intelligence can be improved through practice and experience, and are therefore more willing to persist.

A similar idea is presented by Geoff Colvin in Talent Is Overrated. He emphasizes the importance of “deliberate practice,” (39) ______. Although natural talent may provide an initial advantage, it is long-term dedication that ultimately leads to success. As one teacher notes, it is uncommon for a hardworking student to fail. Developing the right mindset is therefore essential. When students believe in their ability to improve and are encouraged to work consistently, (40) ______.
(Adapted from: TOEFL Reading Comprehension)