Bài Tập Trắc Nghiệm Chuyên Đề: Từ trái nghĩa theo ngữ cảnh (Tiếng Anh Lớp 10, 11, 12)

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Texting the Television

(I) In the past, TV shows targeting young audiences relied on email addresses for interaction. (II) Today in Europe, emails are increasingly replaced by mobile phone numbers, allowing viewers to text shows directly. (III) Text messaging has even surpassed Internet usage, with significant numbers of teenagers in France, Britain, and Germany responding to programs via text, showing how texting has become a key way to engage with television. (IV)

This trend is largely driven by reality TV shows such as Big Brother, where audiences vote to influence outcomes through text messages. Texting is not limited to voting; news programs invite comments, game shows involve audiences in competitions, music shows take song requests, and broadcasters provide on-screen chatrooms. Texting transforms TV from a passive experience to an interactive one, with viewers keeping their phones close while watching.

Texting is also highly profitable. For example, British Big Brother received 5.4 million votes, generating over £1 million. In Germany, MTV's Videoclash collects tens of thousands of texts per hour, and Belgian quiz shows attract hundreds of thousands of participants monthly. Mobile operators usually take 40 - 50% of revenue, while the rest is shared among broadcasters, producers, and technology providers. Some companies, like Endemol, are developing direct billing systems to bypass operators and retain more profits.

A key factor behind TV-texting's success is the introduction of short, memorable codes. Initially controlled individually by providers, short codes have become increasingly universal, allowing viewers to use the same codes across networks. These codes are easier to remember on-screen and have made participation simpler, boosting engagement.

Operator cooperation is part of a broader trend. Earlier technologies like WAP failed because providers were unwilling to share revenue. Learning from this, companies such as Orange now offer transparent revenue-sharing models, encouraging the growth of mobile-based interactive services.

Television itself is evolving. Instead of one-way broadcasting, shows now include viewer reactions. Interactive TV using set-top boxes proved costly and limited, with low market penetration. Mobile phones, on the other hand, are widespread, cheaper to develop, and allow rapid deployment. Providers are even integrating texting functions into set-top boxes to combine old and new methods.

The success of TV texting highlights that audiences want more than passive viewing. Even simple, low-tech solutions can replace complex technologies while satisfying demand for interactivity. Viewers clearly enjoy participating rather than just watching, showing that interactive services are both popular and profitable, reshaping the television experience.

K-pop, or Korean pop music, has become a global phenomenon in recent years, sweeping across continents and attracting millions of fans worldwide. This genre, known for its catchy beats, high-energy performances, and stunning visuals, has garnered a massive following far beyond South Korea. K-pop groups such as BTS, BLACKPINK, and EXO have amassed dedicated fanbases, known as "ARMY" and "Blinks”, who passionately support their favorite artists both online and at live events.
The rise of K-pop is not just a passing trend; it’s a cultural movement that has changed the landscape of global music. Social media platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube have played a crucial role in amplifying the reach of K-pop, allowing fans from all over the world to connect and share their love for the music. Through these platforms, K-pop groups are able to interact with their fans in real-time, creating a sense of community and engagement that transcends borders.
What sets K-pop apart from other music genres is its fusion of various musical styles, including pop, hip-hop, R&B, and EDM. This blend of genres has allowed K-pop to appeal to a wide range of listeners, regardless of their cultural background. Additionally, the emphasis on impressive choreography and visually striking music videos has set new standards for performance in the global music industry. As K-pop continues to grow in popularity, it is clear that the genre’s influence on the music industry will only continue to expand.
K-pop's success has also had a significant cultural impact, promoting Korean language, fashion, and even food worldwide. What began as a niche genre has now become a dominant force in global music. K-pop artists are collaborating with international stars and performing on world stages. The genre's global influence shows no signs of slowing down, marking the rise of a new era in popular music.

[I] In early 2025, scientists achieved a breakthrough in renewable energy technology. [II] Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) developed a new type of solar panel that is significantly more efficient than existing models. [III] The new technology employs advanced materials and innovative design to capture a broader spectrum of sunlight, converting it into electricity with an efficiency rate of over 40%. [IV]
In addition to being more efficient, the new solar panels are also more cost-effective to produce. The researchers use a combination of perovskite and silicon materials, both of which are abundant and inexpensive. This development has the potential to make renewable energy more accessible and affordable for a broader range of people. Currently, the team is focused on scaling up production and testing the panels in real-world conditions to ensure their durability and long-term performance.
This breakthrough comes at a critical time as the world grapples with the impacts of climate change. The increased efficiency of the new solar panels means that more clean energy can be generated from the same amount of sunlight, thereby reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. This advancement aligns with global efforts to transition to a more sustainable energy future and to combat the adverse effects of climate change.
The announcement of this breakthrough has been met with excitement and optimism from both the scientific community and environmental advocates. The potential for widespread adoption of this new solar technology could revolutionize the renewable energy sector and accelerate the transition to a greener, more sustainable world. As further developments and testing continue, the world watches with anticipation for the positive impact this innovation will bring.
(Adapted from nature.com)

[I] Urbanisation refers to the increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and metropolitan regions (Hall, 2014). [II] This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, improved living standards, and social amenities available in urban centers. [III] As a result, urbanisation significantly impacts both individuals and communities, leading to a range of benefits and challenges (Davis, 2016). [IV]
One of the primary advantages of urbanisation is the economic growth it fosters. Cities often provide a plethora of job opportunities, attracting individuals seeking better employment and higher incomes. In urban areas, businesses flourish due to increased demand for goods and services, leading to enhanced economic productivity. Moreover, urbanisation encourages innovation and technological advancements, as a dense concentration of people often fosters creativity and collaboration (Florida, 2017).
However, urbanisation also presents significant challenges. Rapid population growth in cities can lead to overcrowding, straining public services such as transportation, healthcare, and education. Many urban areas struggle to provide adequate housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements and slums. According to the United Nations (2018), nearly one billion people live in slums, lacking access to basic services. They also face adverse living conditions. This situation exacerbates social inequality and can lead to increased crime rates and health issues.
To address the challenges of urbanisation, sustainable urban planning is essential. Governments and urban planners must prioritize creating inclusive, well-connected cities that provide access to essential services for all residents. Strategies such as developing affordable housing, enhancing public transport systems, and promoting green spaces can help improve the quality of life in urban areas while mitigating the negative impacts of urbanisation (World Bank, 2019).
(Adapted from Urbanization and Its Impact by Hall, Davis, and others)

Living an independent life is often considered an $\underline{audacious}$ endeavor, marked by the pursuit of personal freedom and the courage to make one's own choices. It requires an unwavering commitment to self-sufficiency, as individuals navigate the complexities of daily living without relying on others. This path is fraught with challenges, yet it is also incredibly rewarding, allowing for profound personal growth. The journey fosters resilience and adaptability, qualities essential for anyone daring enough to embrace independence.
The main part of an independent life is the important journey of finding out who you are. This exploration of one's identity is not merely an act of rebellion against societal norms; $\underline{it}$ is an opportunity to engage deeply with one's passions, aspirations, and values. $\underline{\text{By stepping outside the comfort zone, individuals are able to cultivate a sense of authenticity that is often lost in conventional lifestyles.}}$
Furthermore, independence fosters an environment ripe for creativity and innovation. Free from external constraints, individuals can experiment with new ideas and solutions, unshackled by the fears of judgment or failure.
Despite the myriad challenges that accompany independent living, such as financial instability and social isolation, the benefits often $\underline{outweigh}$ these drawbacks. Individuals who embrace this lifestyle tend to develop a stronger sense of self and a clearer vision of their goals, as they learn to navigate obstacles with ingenuity and tenacity.
(Adapted from Tuoitrenews)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 16 to 23.
As mobile devices have become the primary means through which many users access digital content, ensuring effective mobile usability has become a central concern for designers. Unlike desktop interfaces, mobile screens are significantly smaller and rely heavily on touch interaction rather than precise cursor control. This limitation requires designers to prioritise simplicity, clarity and intuitive navigation structures that reduce cognitive load and guide users efficiently across digital platforms.
One of the most common challenges in mobile design is overcrowding. When too many elements compete for attention on a limited screen, users may struggle to locate essential features quickly and accurately. Clear visual hierarchy, consistent layout patterns and readable typography can significantly enhance usability by directing attention to the most important content. Designers are therefore encouraged to eliminate unnecessary elements while maintaining functional balance and aesthetic consistency.
Navigation plays a particularly critical role in mobile usability. Because users cannot depend on large, multi-level menus, navigation systems must be streamlined and logically organised. Common solutions include simplified menu icons, fixed navigation bars and gesture-based controls that enable faster interaction. However, these tools must be implemented carefully, as hidden or unclear functions may frustrate users and reduce overall satisfaction.
Another crucial factor is performance speed. Mobile users typically expect immediate access to information, especially when browsing on the move. Slow loading times, heavy graphics or excessive animations can negatively affect engagement and increase abandonment rates. Optimising images, reducing background processes and ensuring responsive design across various devices are practical strategies that enhance user experience and long-term engagement.
Ultimately, successful mobile usability depends on understanding real user behaviour. By testing prototypes and analysing feedback, designers can identify obstacles and refine navigation systems accordingly. They can then adjust interface elements to better meet user expectations. In today's mobile-driven environment, usability is no longer optional but essential for maintaining competitiveness and user loyalty.
(Adapted from https://consumersearch.com)

Why we crave dessert even when we are full

Even after eating a large meal, most people can still find room for sweets. Now, research in mice shows that the neurons behind feeling full also trigger sugar cravings. In other words, there seems to be a neurological basis for our love of dessert. (I)

Previous studies have shown that naturally occurring opioids in the brain play a crucial role in sugar cravings. The main producers of these opioids are neurons located in a brain region that regulates appetite, metabolism and hormones. Known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, they also control feelings of satiety after eating.

To understand whether these cells have a role in sugar cravings, Henning Fenselau at the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research in Germany and his colleagues traced the opioid signals that POMC cells send in the brain. They did so by bathing brain slices from three mice in a fluorescent solution that binds to receptors of these opioids. (II) The brain region with the highest density of these receptors was the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), known to regulate feeding. That suggested sugar cravings were related to communication between these two brain regions. This observation provided a clearer map of the neural circuitry involved, allowing the researchers to focus on specific pathways rather than general brain activity. It also helped establish a functional link between receptor density and behavioural outcomes related to food intake, thereby strengthening the overall reliability of their experimental approach. (III)

Subsequently, the researchers monitored the activity of neurons in these regions as mice ate their usual food. When the animals seemed to be full, the team gave them a dessert of sugary chow. (IV) On average, neuronal activity between the brain regions roughly quadrupled while mice ate dessert compared with their regular meal. The spike began prior to eating the sweets, suggesting the pathway dictates sugar cravings. When the team inhibited signals from POMC neurons to the PVT, the mice consumed 40 percent less dessert. “The cell types, which are extremely well-known for driving satiety, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of satiety,” says Fenselau. “This would explain why animals – humans – over-consume sugar when they’re actually full.” The pathway may have evolved because sugar is more easily turned into energy than other sources like fats or proteins.

(Adapted from New Scientist, issue dated March 22, 2025)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 12 to 19.
How Modern Parenting Created a Generation of Picky Eaters
In 1915, when a Maine mother asked the U.S. Children's Bureau why her son rejected certain foods, officials dismissed the idea of "preference", suggesting a medical cause instead. At the time, voluntary food rejection was virtually unheard of; children were expected to eat whatever was served with enthusiasm. Picky eating, as a recognized behavioral trait, simply did not exist in the American cultural landscape.
Today, however, American children are often labeled the "pickiest in history". In her recent research, historian Helen Zoe Veit argues that a century of shifting adult attitudes has fundamentally reshaped childhood. She contends that modern parenting has inadvertently normalized selective eating. Before the 20th century, there was no "children's food"; youngsters shared adult meals and developed robust appetites, partly because snacking was nonexistent.
The mid-20th century brought pivotal changes in child psychology and autonomy. Influential parenting guides, such as those by Dr. Benjamin Spock, began encouraging parents to grant children more control over their diets. This was bolstered by studies suggesting that, left to their own devices, children could naturally regulate their nutritional needs. Meanwhile, the rise of Freudian theory warned that pressuring children to eat could cause lasting psychological trauma, further softening parental authority at the dinner table.
Simultaneously, the explosion of processed foods and aggressive marketing transformed family dynamics. By the 1960s, supermarkets offered unprecedented variety, and advertisers began targeting impressionable children directly, granting them immense influence over household purchases. Veit criticizes this modern exceptionalism, noting that while parents enforce hygiene and safety, they often treat nutrition as negotiable. She advocates for consistent family meals and repeated exposure to new foods, viewing picky eating as a misguided outcome of otherwise good intentions.
(Adapted from https://www.economist.com/culture)

For decades, students have been convinced that academic success is largely dependent upon meticulous notetaking. What has changed in recent years is not the importance of the practice but the tools used to perform it. The keyboard has subtly supplanted the pen, and with it, the nature of how information is recorded during a lecture has shifted unbeknownst to students.
Researchers in cognitive psychology have begun to examine what this change has cost learners. In a series of comparative studies, students taking notes by hand consistently outperformed those using laptops on questions that demanded conceptual understanding, even when both groups had access to the same material. The reason, according to the researchers, lies less in the technology itself than in what each method asks of the brain. Typing rewards speed; handwriting forces selection.
The act of writing by hand is slower, and that slowness appears to be its hidden virtue. Unable to capture every word, students are obliged to listen, decide what matters and condense ideas into their own phrasing. This continuous filtering, referred to as encoding by psychologists, turns out to be instrumental in aiding long-term recall. One lecturer summarised the striking contrast after reviewing her students' work: the laptops, she said, had produced transcripts, while the notebooks had produced understanding.
It would be misleading, of course, to claim that handwriting is inherently superior or that all keyboards undermine learning. Hard-working typists can summarise, while indolent writers can drift. What the research highlights is not a conclusion on devices but a question about effort: which tool, in a given context, asks more of the learner. As a ban on students’ use of laptops in classrooms remains a bone of contention among tertiary institutions, the deeper challenge may be helping students recognise that what feels easier in the moment is not always what serves them best afterwards.
(Adapted from https://www.brookings.edu/)