Bài Tập Trắc Nghiệm Chuyên Đề: Diễn đạt tương đương câu trích từ bài đọc (Tiếng Anh Lớp 10, 11, 12)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

WELLBEING 2026: FROM PHYSICAL TARGETS TO DIGITAL DETOX

In recent years, wellbeing has become a multi-trillion-pound industry, evolving from simple supplements to a complex endeavour. While 2025 was dominated by intense gym targets and AI-driven meal plans, the trend in 2026 has shifted significantly towards "Recovery". Experts suggest that the old "no pain, no gain" philosophy, which has underpinned fitness for decades, is being replaced by a more sophisticated understanding of health.

Smart technology has played a pivotal role in this transformation. Modern smartwatches do more than just track runs; they provide deep insights into our biological data. By monitoring heart rates and movement patterns, these devices warn users when they have overtrained and highlight the necessity of rest days. This data-driven approach allows individuals to reframe rest not just as "taking time off," but as a strategic component of staying fit. Consequently, technology has empowered us to "give ourselves a break" rather than training ourselves into the ground.

Alongside physical recovery, a new psychological movement is seeping into our consciousness: JOMO, or the "Joy of Missing Out." This concept serves as a counter-movement to FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), a term first recognised in 2004 that describes the anxiety of keeping up with the sparkling lives shown on social media. After two decades of digital pressure, people are now prioritising their mental health by reducing the need for external validation.

Jak Phillips, a fitness growth director, argues that JOMO is about becoming more comfortable in our own choices, whether regarding the frequency of our workouts or our social lives. Instead of spreading themselves too thinly to stay across everything, individuals are learning to say no. This shift marks a significant milestone in wellbeing, where success is measured not by how much we do, but by how well we recover and disconnect.

(Adapted from https://www.bbc.com)

In the modern era, social media has become deeply ingrained in the daily routines of millions of teenagers worldwide. Platforms like Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, and Snapchat provide young people with the ability to stay connected with their friends, share their daily experiences, and express themselves in ways that were not possible just a few decades ago. Social media also offers opportunities for teenagers to showcase their creativity through content creation, whether it be posting photos, videos, or written content. However, it is important to recognize that it also comes with certain drawbacks, particularly concerning mental health.

On the positive side, social media has made it easier for teenagers to maintain relationships, regardless of geographical distance. It allows them to participate in online communities, discuss topics they are passionate about, and find individuals with similar interests. Furthermore, social media has emerged as an educational tool, with many teens using it to follow educational influencers or access online tutorials to enhance their learning.

However, this constant connectivity comes at a cost. The pressure to present a flawless image on social media has caused many young people to feel inadequate, comparing themselves to the highly curated, often unrealistic portrayals of others' lives. This comparison culture can lead to anxiety, depression, and a distorted sense of self-worth. Additionally, excessive use of social media has been linked to addictive behaviors, negatively affecting mental health and academic performance.

Teenagers may spend hours scrolling through their feeds, neglecting their responsibilities or losing sleep due to late-night browsing. Over time, this can negatively impact their academic performance and overall well-being. Despite these challenges, social media remains an integral part of teenage life, and it is crucial for parents, educators, and teenagers themselves to understand both the benefits and risks.

Kazuhiko Moriyama is betting that well-rested workers are good for business. In fact, he's placing real money on that bet. Employees who sleep at least six hours a night, for at least five days a week, are rewarded points by Crazy Inc., a wedding organizer in Japan. The points can be exchanged for food in the company cafeteria worth as much as 64.000 yen (570 dollars) per year. Nightly rest will be tracked using an app made by Airweave Inc., a mattress manufacturer.

More than 92 percent of Japanese over the age of 20 say that they aren't getting enough sleep. according to a survey by Fuji Rybki, a health-product maker. Because of a labor shortage and long-held cultural belief of noble sacrifice for the corporate good, Japan has become notorious for a phenomenon called death-from-overwork, which claimed the life of an ad agency employee in 2015.

"You have to protect workers' rights, otherwise the country itself will weaken," Moriyama said. In addition to encouraging sleep, the company also promotes better nutrition, exercise and a more positive office environment. It also provides employees with child support, as well the opportunity to take company vacations on regular business days.

There's some evidence that more sleep will lead to improved business performance and higher economic growth. Insufficient sleep costs the U.S. economy as much as 411 billion dollars a year, or 2.28 percent of GDP, according to a 2009 study by Rand Corp. For Japan, the loss is estimated to be 138 billion dollars, or 2.92 percent of GDP. "I eventually want to reach a million employees," Moriyama said. "I want to do something that other people will think is crazy."

Living an independent life is often considered an $\underline{audacious}$ endeavor, marked by the pursuit of personal freedom and the courage to make one's own choices. It requires an unwavering commitment to self-sufficiency, as individuals navigate the complexities of daily living without relying on others. This path is fraught with challenges, yet it is also incredibly rewarding, allowing for profound personal growth. The journey fosters resilience and adaptability, qualities essential for anyone daring enough to embrace independence.
The main part of an independent life is the important journey of finding out who you are. This exploration of one's identity is not merely an act of rebellion against societal norms; $\underline{it}$ is an opportunity to engage deeply with one's passions, aspirations, and values. $\underline{\text{By stepping outside the comfort zone, individuals are able to cultivate a sense of authenticity that is often lost in conventional lifestyles.}}$
Furthermore, independence fosters an environment ripe for creativity and innovation. Free from external constraints, individuals can experiment with new ideas and solutions, unshackled by the fears of judgment or failure.
Despite the myriad challenges that accompany independent living, such as financial instability and social isolation, the benefits often $\underline{outweigh}$ these drawbacks. Individuals who embrace this lifestyle tend to develop a stronger sense of self and a clearer vision of their goals, as they learn to navigate obstacles with ingenuity and tenacity.
(Adapted from Tuoitrenews)

[I] Urbanisation refers to the increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and metropolitan regions (Hall, 2014). [II] This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, improved living standards, and social amenities available in urban centers. [III] As a result, urbanisation significantly impacts both individuals and communities, leading to a range of benefits and challenges (Davis, 2016). [IV]
One of the primary advantages of urbanisation is the economic growth it fosters. Cities often provide a plethora of job opportunities, attracting individuals seeking better employment and higher incomes. In urban areas, businesses flourish due to increased demand for goods and services, leading to enhanced economic productivity. Moreover, urbanisation encourages innovation and technological advancements, as a dense concentration of people often fosters creativity and collaboration (Florida, 2017).
However, urbanisation also presents significant challenges. Rapid population growth in cities can lead to overcrowding, straining public services such as transportation, healthcare, and education. Many urban areas struggle to provide adequate housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements and slums. According to the United Nations (2018), nearly one billion people live in slums, lacking access to basic services. They also face adverse living conditions. This situation exacerbates social inequality and can lead to increased crime rates and health issues.
To address the challenges of urbanisation, sustainable urban planning is essential. Governments and urban planners must prioritize creating inclusive, well-connected cities that provide access to essential services for all residents. Strategies such as developing affordable housing, enhancing public transport systems, and promoting green spaces can help improve the quality of life in urban areas while mitigating the negative impacts of urbanisation (World Bank, 2019).
(Adapted from Urbanization and Its Impact by Hall, Davis, and others)

We seem to be entering a boom era for the “15-minute city” - the tactic of redesigning urban areas to prioritize pedestrians over cars. Picture running a traditional sprawling metropolis: meaningful traffic reduction would demand painful negotiations, huge infrastructure budgets, and a full redesign of the transit model. Adopting a “bike-friendly” label for a few downtown streets is far easier, buying time while overall car dependency remains untouched.
Citizens meet this urban planning sleight of hand everywhere. Mayors sell “green” avenues, councils boast about “pedestrian zones”, and basic painted bike lanes are re-labelled as revolutionary mobility networks. Political spin is old, yet today it is manipulated to overstate the actual livability of these neighborhoods. Urban influencers and glossy architectural magazines amplify these claims, broadcasting the narrative far beyond traditional town hall meetings.
The concept of localized living emerged decades ago, but hastily rebranding cities has exploded only recently. Intensifying public anxiety over gridlock traffic and air pollution has placed city planners under sharp scrutiny; many politicians therefore choose eye-catching PR over the tougher route of overhauling zoning laws, expanding public transit, and restricting private vehicles. This political maneuver allows them to appease voters while enforcement still lags behind municipal marketing ingenuity. Exhausted commuters, eager for a shorter trip to work, frequently applaud these surface-level initiatives, reinforcing the cycle.
Why does this matter? Over-hyped urban projects and car-centric planning share a core objective to postpone the deep systemic reforms claimed by mobility experts as urgent in this decade. [I] Traditional highway expansion had obvious flaws that the public could easily recognize and criticize. [II] Unregulated “smart” urbanism misleads citizens into believing the traffic problem is instantly solved by simple painted lines. [III] This illusion thereby erodes advocacy for genuine infrastructure investment. [IV] In effect, it acts as a soothing lullaby, guiding society away from active commuting while fostering a false sense of progress. Exposing the facade - and insisting on comprehensive, accessible transit networks - is essential if rhetoric is to give way to real mobility.

The shift towards the flipped classroom model is gaining momentum, and modern technology acts as a powerful catalyst for this ongoing transformation. Advanced technologies such as video hosting, interactive quizzes, and data analytics are used to optimise learning practices. Additionally, the collected real-time data on student engagement enables teachers to accelerate the feedback process that maximises comprehension while minimising passive listening in class.
Video lectures allow students to learn new concepts at home and create customised study paces. This ensures that reliance on traditional one-size-fits-all teaching is significantly reduced. By avoiding long in-class lectures, schools can cut down on student boredom. Smart learning management systems provide real-time progress stats, so teachers do not have to guess who is struggling. This, therefore, helps mitigate academic failure and save valuable class time for every student involved.
Technology also plays a vital role in optimising group activities for collaborative education. Specialised platforms report participation hour by hour, and algorithms predict which topics will need review for the week ahead. Automated groupings adjust to the students’ skill levels exactly how they need to and pause when a concept is fully mastered. This cuts frustration and protects vulnerable learners. In overcrowded public schools, such innovations make personalized learning highly viable.
The digital trail does not stop at the classroom door. Cloud platforms let teachers, parents, and administrators input behavioral notes the moment they change, while secure databases freeze each entry so everyone can trust the records. Analytic tools combine seasons of records to forecast graduation rates, spot curriculum weaknesses, and mark points for necessary intervention.

In the scorching heat of Mandalay, hundreds of patients – from infants to the elderly and Buddhist monks – are lying on hospital beds in an outdoor car park. Three days after a catastrophic earthquake hit Myanmar, the people in the city are very worried and waiting for more shaking.

Despite having approximately 1,000 beds, Mandalay General Hospital has relocated most patients outside following the devastating earthquake that claimed over 2,000 lives across Myanmar and Thailand. The 7.7-magnitude tremor on March 28, accompanied by numerous aftershocks, has forced authorities to keep patients outdoors to prevent potential injuries from collapsing structures. The situation is far from ideal for anyone here at the hospital. "We're doing everything possible under these circumstances," an anonymous medical worker explained to AFP.

With temperatures reaching 39 degrees Celsius, patients found shelter beneath makeshift tarpaulin covers erected to protect them from the intense sun. Family members held their relatives' hands, offering reassurance, while others used bamboo fans to provide relief. Young children with injuries cried in the uncomfortable environment, and a wounded monk lay connected to an intravenous drip.

Medical staff are equally affected by the crisis. During brief breaks from their grueling work schedules, healthcare workers sat on the ground, attempting to regain their strength. While the hospital structure appeared intact, only critical care patients and their attending physicians stayed indoors. Everyone else crowded together under the tarpaulin or found shelter in a nearby area with a metal roof.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 16 to 23.
As mobile devices have become the primary means through which many users access digital content, ensuring effective mobile usability has become a central concern for designers. Unlike desktop interfaces, mobile screens are significantly smaller and rely heavily on touch interaction rather than precise cursor control. This limitation requires designers to prioritise simplicity, clarity and intuitive navigation structures that reduce cognitive load and guide users efficiently across digital platforms.
One of the most common challenges in mobile design is overcrowding. When too many elements compete for attention on a limited screen, users may struggle to locate essential features quickly and accurately. Clear visual hierarchy, consistent layout patterns and readable typography can significantly enhance usability by directing attention to the most important content. Designers are therefore encouraged to eliminate unnecessary elements while maintaining functional balance and aesthetic consistency.
Navigation plays a particularly critical role in mobile usability. Because users cannot depend on large, multi-level menus, navigation systems must be streamlined and logically organised. Common solutions include simplified menu icons, fixed navigation bars and gesture-based controls that enable faster interaction. However, these tools must be implemented carefully, as hidden or unclear functions may frustrate users and reduce overall satisfaction.
Another crucial factor is performance speed. Mobile users typically expect immediate access to information, especially when browsing on the move. Slow loading times, heavy graphics or excessive animations can negatively affect engagement and increase abandonment rates. Optimising images, reducing background processes and ensuring responsive design across various devices are practical strategies that enhance user experience and long-term engagement.
Ultimately, successful mobile usability depends on understanding real user behaviour. By testing prototypes and analysing feedback, designers can identify obstacles and refine navigation systems accordingly. They can then adjust interface elements to better meet user expectations. In today's mobile-driven environment, usability is no longer optional but essential for maintaining competitiveness and user loyalty.
(Adapted from https://consumersearch.com)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
After more than fifteen years of negotiations and public campaigning, the Global Ocean Treaty entered into force in early 2026. For the first time, areas of the ocean beyond national jurisdiction are subject to an international framework intended to facilitate large-scale marine conservation. Environmental organisations view the agreement as a decisive shift, addressing decades of fragmented governance and limited oversight in the High Seas, where economic interests have often taken priority over ecological concerns.
Less than one percent of these waters is currently fully or highly protected. This regulatory gap has enabled industrial fishing and potential deep-sea mining activities to proceed with relatively few constraints. [I] The Treaty introduces a procedure allowing governments to designate marine protected areas in international waters. If applied ambitiously, such measures could safeguard over one-third of the global ocean, forming an unprecedented network of protected ecosystems.
The agreement's relevance extends beyond biodiversity. Oceans absorb a significant share of global carbon emissions and help stabilise the planet's climate systems, acting as a buffer against more extreme warming trends. Nearly half of Earth's biodiversity exists beneath the waves, and billions depend on marine ecosystems for food security and economic stability. Protecting the High Seas is therefore closely linked to both environmental balance and human welfare.
[II] However, legal recognition alone does not ensure ecological recovery. Implementation will rely on political resolve, credible scientific assessment and cooperation among states. Proposals for protected zones must be supported by evidence-based evaluations and developed in consultation with affected communities. In the absence of effective monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, conservation commitments may lack practical impact.
Governments have pledged to protect 30 percent of the world's oceans by 2030 – a target commonly known as "30x30." [III] Achieving this ambition requires identifying ecologically critical regions and limiting extractive activities accordingly. The first Conference of the Parties (COP) will influence how obligations are interpreted and applied in practice.
[IV] The Treaty signals progress in international environmental diplomacy. Whether it ultimately reshapes ocean governance will depend on the extent to which states convert formal commitments into sustained action.
(Adapted from https://www.greenpeace.org.uk)

For more than fifteen years, environmental organisations, scientists and Indigenous communities campaigned for stronger protection of the High Seas – the vast areas of ocean beyond national jurisdiction. These waters, covering nearly half of the planet, had long remained largely unregulated and vulnerable to intensive resource exploitation. In early 2026, their efforts culminated in the entry into force of the Global Ocean Treaty, creating a new legal framework for international marine governance.
Before the Treaty, less than one percent of the High Seas was fully or highly protected. Industrial fishing fleets operated with minimal restrictions, and proposals for deep-sea mining raised concerns about irreversible ecological damage and long-term habitat degradation. [I] By establishing a formal process to designate marine protected areas, the Treaty provides governments with tools to conserve biodiversity on a scale not previously possible in international waters.
Supporters argue that protecting the High Seas is essential not only for marine life but also for climate stability. Oceans absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide and regulate global temperatures. Moreover, billions of people depend on healthy marine ecosystems for food security and economic livelihoods. In this context, ocean conservation is increasingly viewed as central to sustainable development rather than a purely environmental objective.
Nevertheless, adoption of the Treaty did not occur without resistance. [II] Some governments were initially reluctant to accept binding obligations that might limit industrial expansion. Negotiations required compromise, and implementation will depend on continued political will and institutional coordination. Under the agreement, proposals for protected areas must be based on scientific evidence and involve consultation with affected communities, ensuring legitimacy and accountability.
World leaders have committed to protecting 30 percent of the world's oceans by 2030 – the "30x30" goal. [III] Achieving this target will demand consistent monitoring, transparent reporting and meaningful enforcement. Past environmental agreements demonstrate that ambitious pledges alone do not automatically produce measurable results.
[IV] The Global Ocean Treaty therefore represents both a diplomatic achievement and a test of global commitment. Its ultimate impact will depend on whether governments transform negotiated promises into sustained protection for marine ecosystems.
(Adapted from https://www.greenpeace.org.uk)

Why we crave dessert even when we are full

Even after eating a large meal, most people can still find room for sweets. Now, research in mice shows that the neurons behind feeling full also trigger sugar cravings. In other words, there seems to be a neurological basis for our love of dessert. (I)

Previous studies have shown that naturally occurring opioids in the brain play a crucial role in sugar cravings. The main producers of these opioids are neurons located in a brain region that regulates appetite, metabolism and hormones. Known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, they also control feelings of satiety after eating.

To understand whether these cells have a role in sugar cravings, Henning Fenselau at the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research in Germany and his colleagues traced the opioid signals that POMC cells send in the brain. They did so by bathing brain slices from three mice in a fluorescent solution that binds to receptors of these opioids. (II) The brain region with the highest density of these receptors was the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), known to regulate feeding. That suggested sugar cravings were related to communication between these two brain regions. This observation provided a clearer map of the neural circuitry involved, allowing the researchers to focus on specific pathways rather than general brain activity. It also helped establish a functional link between receptor density and behavioural outcomes related to food intake, thereby strengthening the overall reliability of their experimental approach. (III)

Subsequently, the researchers monitored the activity of neurons in these regions as mice ate their usual food. When the animals seemed to be full, the team gave them a dessert of sugary chow. (IV) On average, neuronal activity between the brain regions roughly quadrupled while mice ate dessert compared with their regular meal. The spike began prior to eating the sweets, suggesting the pathway dictates sugar cravings. When the team inhibited signals from POMC neurons to the PVT, the mice consumed 40 percent less dessert. “The cell types, which are extremely well-known for driving satiety, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of satiety,” says Fenselau. “This would explain why animals – humans – over-consume sugar when they’re actually full.” The pathway may have evolved because sugar is more easily turned into energy than other sources like fats or proteins.

(Adapted from New Scientist, issue dated March 22, 2025)